Extra columns you import or add on Research stay on the contact and work as merge fields.
Any extra column in your CSV is kept on the contact as a custom field.
On Research, click "Fields".
Add a column by hand or from an enrichment; each becomes a field on those contacts.
Open a sequence from "Sequences".
Click "Add step".
Choose "Email".
Click "{ } Variable": custom fields are listed with the standard ones and merge the same way.
Pick the field to insert it.